Network Layer OSI Model

The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate routers, whereas the data link layer is responsible for media access control, flow control and error checking.

The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source to a destination host via one or more networks, while maintaining the quality of service functions.

Functions of the network layer

Connection model: connectionless communication

For example, IP is connectionless, in that a datagram can travel from a sender to a recipient without the recipient having to send an acknowledgement. Connection-oriented protocols exist at other, higher layers of the OSI model.

Host addressing

Every host in the network must have a unique address that determines where it is. This address is normally assigned from a hierarchical system. For example, you can be "Fred Murphy" to people in your house, "Fred Murphy, 1 Main Street" to Dubliners, or "Fred Murphy, 1 Main Street, Dublin" to people in Ireland, or "Fred Murphy, 1 Main Street, Dublin, Ireland" to people anywhere in the world. On the Internet, addresses are known as Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.

Message forwarding

Since many networks are partitioned into subnetworks and connect to other networks for wide-area communications, networks use specialized hosts, called gateways or routers, to forward packets between networks. This is also of interest to mobile applications, where a user may move from one location to another, and it must be arranged that his messages follow him. Version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) was not designed with this feature in mind, although mobility extensions exist. IPv6 has a better designed solution.
Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture, the network layer responds to service requests from the transport layer and issues service requests to the data link layer.

Protocols

• IPv4/IPv6, Internet Protocol
• DVMRP, Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
• ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol
• IGMP, Internet Group Multicast Protocol
• PIM-SM, Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode
• PIM-DM, Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode
• IPsec, Internet Protocol Security
• IPX, Internetwork Packet Exchange
• RIP, Routing Information Protocol
• DDP, Datagram Delivery Protocol
• RSMLT Routed-SMLT
• ARP, Address Resolution Protocol
• Shortest Path Bridging